Breastfeeding, complementary (solid) foods, and long-term risk of obesity.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan 27;
Authors: Kramer MS
PMID: 20107200 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Dietary salt loading impairs arterial vascular reactivity.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan 27;
Authors: Todd AS, Macginley RJ, Schollum JB, Johnson RJ, Williams SM, Sutherland WH, Mann JI, Walker RJ
BACKGROUND: Studies of sodium have shown improvements in vascular function and blood pressure (BP). The effect of chronic sodium loading from a low-sodium diet to a Western diet on vascular function and BP has been less well studied. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the effects of dietary salt intake on vascular function and BP. DESIGN: Thirty-five hypertensive volunteers met the inclusion criteria. After a 2-wk run-in with a low-sodium diet (60 mmol/d), the participants maintained their diets and were randomly assigned to receive sequentially 1 of 3 interventions for 4 wk, with a 2-wk washout between interventions: sodium-free tomato juice (A), tomato juice containing 90 mmol Na (B), and tomato juice containing 140 mmol Na (C). The outcomes were changes in pulse wave velocity (PWV), systolic BP (SBP), and diastolic BP (DBP). RESULTS: The difference in PWV between interventions B and A was 0.39 m/s (95% CI: 0.18, 0.60 m/s; P </= 0.001) and between C and A was 0.35 m/s (95% CI: 0.13, 0.57 m/s; P </= 0.01). Differences in SBP and DBP between interventions B and A were 4.4 mm Hg (95% CI: 1.2, 7.8 mm Hg; P </= 0.01) and 2.4 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.8, 4.1 mm Hg; P </= 0.001), respectively, and between interventions C and A were 5.6 mm Hg (95% CI: 2.7, 8.4 mm Hg; P </= 0.01) and 3.3 mm Hg (95% CI: 1.5, 5.0 mm Hg; P </= 0.001), respectively. Changes in PWV correlated with changes in SBP (r = 0.52) and DBP (r = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS: Dietary salt loading produced significant increases in PWV and BP in hypertensive volunteers. Correlations between BP and PWV suggest that salt loading may have a BP-independent effect on vascular wall function. This further supports the importance of dietary sodium restriction in the management of hypertension. This trial was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12609000161224.
PMID: 20107199 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Lack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan 27;
Authors: Hernandez TL, Sutherland JP, Wolfe P, Allian-Sauer M, Capell WH, Talley ND, Wyatt HR, Foster GD, Hill JO, Eckel RH
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the comparative effect of weight-loss diets on metabolic profiles during dieting. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of a low-carbohydrate (</=20 g/d) with a high-carbohydrate (55% of total energy intake) diet on fasting and hourly metabolic variables during active weight loss. DESIGN: Healthy, obese adults (n = 32; 22 women, 10 men) were randomly assigned to receive either a carbohydrate-restricted diet [High Fat: mean +/- SD body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)): 35.8 +/- 2.9] or a calorie-restricted, low-fat diet (High Carb: BMI: 36.7 +/- 4.6) for 6 wk. A 24-h in-patient feeding study was performed at baseline and after 6 wk. Glucose, insulin, free fatty acids (FFAs), and triglycerides were measured hourly during meals, at regimented times. Remnant lipoprotein cholesterol was measured every 4 h. RESULTS: Patients lost a similar amount of weight in both groups (P = 0.57). There was an absence of any diet treatment effect between groups on fasting triglycerides or on remnant lipoprotein cholesterol, which was the main outcome. Fasting insulin decreased (P = 0.03), and both fasting (P = 0.040) and 24-h FFA (P < 0.0001) increased within the High Fat group. Twenty-four-hour insulin decreased (P < 0.05 for both groups). Fasting LDL cholesterol decreased in the High Carb group only (P = 0.003). In both groups, the differences in fasting and 24-h FFA at 6 wk were significantly correlated with the change in LDL cholesterol (fasting FFA: r = 0.41, P = 0.02; 24-h FFA: r = 0.52, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss was similar between diets, but only the high-fat diet increased LDL-cholesterol concentrations. This effect was related to the lack of suppression of both fasting and 24-h FFA.
PMID: 20107198 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Sources of differences in estimates of obesity-associated deaths from first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) hazard ratios.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan 27;
Authors: Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Gail MH
BACKGROUND: Estimates of obesity-associated deaths in the United States for 1991 were published by Allison et al and subsequently for 2000 by Mokdad et al. Flegal et al then published lower estimates of obesity-associated deaths for 2000. All 3 studies incorporated data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I). OBJECTIVE: The objective was to clarify the effects of methodologic differences between the 3 studies in estimates of obesity-associated deaths in the US population by using NHANES I hazard ratios. DESIGN: The earlier reports used imputed smoking data for much of the NHANES I sample rather than the available reported data and applied a method of calculating attributable fractions that did not adjust for the effects of age, sex, and smoking on mortality in the target US population and did not account for effect modification by age. The effects of these and other methodologic factors were examined. RESULTS: The NHANES I hazard ratios in the earlier reports were too low, probably because of the imputed smoking data. The low hazard ratios obscured the magnitude and direction of the bias arising from the incompletely adjusted attributable fraction method. When corrected hazard ratios were used, the incompletely adjusted attributable fraction method overestimated obesity-associated mortality in the target population by >100,000 deaths. CONCLUSION: Methodologic sources of bias in the reports by Allison et al and Mokdad et al include the assessment of smoking status in NHANES I and the method of calculating attributable fractions.
PMID: 20107197 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Twelve weeks of moderate aerobic exercise without dietary intervention or weight loss does not affect 24-h energy expenditure in lean and obese adolescents.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan 27;
Authors: van der Heijden GJ, Sauer PJ, Sunehag AL
BACKGROUND: Exercise might have a persistent effect on energy expenditure and fat oxidation, resulting in increased fat loss. However, even without weight loss, exercise results in positive metabolic effects. The effect of an aerobic exercise program on 24-h total energy expenditure (TEE) and its components-basal (BEE), sleep (SEE), and awake sedentary (SEDEE) energy expenditure and substrate oxidation-has not been studied in lean and obese adolescents. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to test the hypothesis that 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation increase in lean and obese adolescents after 12 wk of moderate aerobic exercise without dietary intervention and weight loss. DESIGN: Twenty-eight postpubertal Hispanic adolescents [mean +/- SE: 13 lean (age: 15.3 +/- 0.3 y; body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)): 20.2 +/- 0.7; body fat: 18.7 +/- 1.6%) and 15 obese (age: 15.6 +/- 0.3 y; BMI: 33.1 +/- 0.9; body fat: 38.1 +/- 1.4%)] completed a 12-wk aerobic exercise program (4 x 30 min/wk at >/=70% of VO(2 peak)) without weight loss. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were quantified by 24-h room calorimetry at baseline and postexercise. RESULTS: This aerobic exercise program did not affect 24-h TEE, BEE, SEE, or SEDEE in lean or obese participants. In obese adolescents, respiratory quotient (RQ) and substrate oxidation also did not change. In lean adolescents, 24-h RQ and RQ during SEE decreased (both P < 0.01) and fat oxidation increased (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A 12-wk aerobic exercise program did not increase TEE, BEE, SEE, or SEDEE in either lean or obese sedentary adolescents. Furthermore, 24-h fat oxidation did not change in the obese adolescents, whereas it increased in the lean adolescents.
PMID: 20107196 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Dietary, lifestyle, and clinical predictors of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity in individuals without coronary artery disease.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan 27;
Authors: Hatoum IJ, Nelson JJ, Cook NR, Hu FB, Rimm EB
BACKGROUND: Elevated lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) may be positively associated with risk of coronary artery disease, yet little is known about potentially modifiable factors related to Lp-PLA(2). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine dietary, lifestyle, and clinical measures associated with Lp-PLA(2) activity. DESIGN: We measured Lp-PLA(2) activity in 853 female participants of the Nurses’ Health Study and 878 male participants of the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who were free of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the relation between potentially modifiable factors and Lp-PLA(2). RESULTS: The replacement of 5% of energy from carbohydrates with energy from protein was associated with 2.2 nmol . min(-1) . mL(-1) lower levels of Lp-PLA(2) (95% CI: -3.1, -0.4) activity, and every 15-g/d increase in alcohol consumption was associated with 4.4 nmol . min(-1) . mL(-1) lower levels of Lp-PLA(2) activity (95% CI: -6.4, -2.4). Smoking (beta = 10.2; 95% CI: 4.8, 15.5), being overweight (beta = 7.5; 95% CI: 3.6, 11.3), aspirin use (beta = 6.0; 95% CI: 2.1, 10.0), hypercholesterolemia (beta = 15.0; 95% CI: 11.3, 18.8), and age (beta = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.34, 3.74) were associated with elevated Lp-PLA(2) activity, whereas postmenopausal hormone use (beta = -15.8; 95% CI: -19.4, -12.1) and cholesterol medication use (beta = -9.6; 95% CI: -18.2, -1.1) were inversely associated. CONCLUSION: We found that not smoking, use of postmenopausal hormones, having a body mass index (in kg/m(2)) </=25, increased alcohol consumption, and increased protein consumption all represent potential modifiable factors that may favorably influence Lp-PLA(2) activity.
PMID: 20107195 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Optimal gestational weight gain must not be determined from adverse birth weight outcomes defined only as the total percentage of infants born small- or large-for-gestational-age.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan 27;
Authors: Lederman SA
PMID: 20107194 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Adiposity is inversely related to insulin sensitivity in relatively lean Chinese adolescents: a population-based twin study.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan 27;
Authors: Ouyang F, Christoffel KK, Brickman WJ, Zimmerman D, Wang B, Xing H, Zhang S, Arguelles LM, Wang G, Liu R, Xu X, Wang X
BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a critical period for rising adiposity and falling insulin sensitivity (IS), but the independent relation between adiposity and IS remains understudied. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine which adiposity measures are most strongly associated with IS in nondiabetic adolescents, whether sex-difference exists, and to what degree genetic and/or environmental factors affect the adiposity-IS relation. DESIGN: The study included 1613 rural Chinese adolescents (888 males) aged 13-20 y from a population-based twin cohort. We used graphic plots and linear mixed models to examine the relation of anthropometric and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-based measures of adiposity with IS [QUantitative Insulin-sensitivity ChecK Index (QUICKI), fasting serum insulin (FSI), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)] and structural equation models to estimate genetic/environmental influences on these associations. RESULTS: In graphic analyses, participants in the highest quintile (quintile 5) of waist circumference (WC) and percentage body fat (%BF) had the lowest QUICKI and the highest FSI and HOMA-IR levels for all age-sex groups. In regression models adjusted for age, Tanner stage, zygosity, and physical activity, all adiposity measures showed inverse associations with IS in both sexes, but WC explained the largest fraction of variance in IS measures (10-14%). Of the phenotypic correlations between adiposity measures and IS (-0.28 to -0.38), 74-85% were attributed to shared genetic factors and 15-26% to common unique environmental factors in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: In these relatively lean Chinese adolescents, WC and %BF (quintile 5) are the adiposity measures most consistently and strongly associated with decreased IS in both sexes. To a large degree, shared genetic factors contribute to this association.
PMID: 20107193 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Publication year: 2009
Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, Volume 7, Issue 6, December 2009, Pages 293-323
Brian J., Gates , Travis E., Sonnett , Cristina A.K., DuVall , Erin K., Dobbins
Background: Fractures are a significant problem in geriatric patients, and understanding the evidence for benefit and possible harm of osteoporosis treatments is critical to appropriate management of this patient population.Objective: The purpose of this article was to review the evidence and treatment considerations related to use of the approved osteoporosis treatments in the United States across the continuum of ages in the geriatric population.Methods: MEDLINE and the Web of Science were searched to find English-language articles published from 2000 through July 2009. Search terms included: practice guideline, osteoporosis, calcium, vitamin D, pharmacoeconomics, ethnicity, and treatment. The generic names of each…
Publication year: 2009
Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, Volume 7, Issue 6, December 2009, Pages 324-342
Joshua J., Neumiller , Stephen M., Setter
Background: Pharmacologic options for the treatment of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are the same as in younger adults; however, treatment considerations differ in the elderly due to changes in renal and hepatic function, life expectancy, and various other clinical and practical considerations.Objective: This article discusses geriatric considerations in the pharmacologic management of T2DM and reviews the potential clinical advantages and disadvantages of pharmacologic agents currently available for the treatment of T2DM, including oral and injectable medications.Methods: A search of MEDLINE was conducted for articles published in English between January 1966 and September 2009 using the terms…